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Chapter 2 · 2026 Manual

Offense Conduct

United States Sentencing Commission · Effective November 1, 2026

Introductory Commentary

Chapter Two pertains to offense conduct. The chapter is organized by offenses and divided into parts and related sections that may cover one statute or many. Each offense has a corresponding base offense level and may have one or more specific offense characteristics that adjust the offense level upward or downward. Certain factors relevant to the offense that are not covered in specific guidelines in Chapter Two are set forth in Chapter Three, Parts A (Victim-Related Adjustments), B (Role in the Offense), and C (Obstruction and Related Adjustments); and Chapter Four, Parts B (Career Offenders and Criminal Livelihood) and C (Adjustment for Certain Zero-Point Offenders).

Historical note

Effective November 1, 1987. Amended effective November 1, 2011 (amendment 758); November 1, 2024 (amendment 831); November 1, 2025 (amendment 836).

Part A · Offenses Against the Person

§2A1.1 First Degree Murder §2A1.2 Second Degree Murder §2A1.3 Voluntary Manslaughter §2A1.4 Involuntary Manslaughter §2A1.5 Conspiracy or Solicitation to Commit Murder §2A2.1 Assault with Intent to Commit Murder; Attempted Murder §2A2.2 Aggravated Assault §2A2.3 Assault §2A2.4 Obstructing or Impeding Officers §2A3.1 Criminal Sexual Abuse; Attempt to Commit Criminal Sexual Abuse §2A3.2 Criminal Sexual Abuse of a Minor Under the Age of Sixteen Years (Statutory Rape) or Attempt to Commit Such Acts §2A3.3 Criminal Sexual Abuse of a Ward or Attempt to Commit Such Acts; Criminal Sexual Abuse of an Individual in Federal Custody §2A3.4 Abusive Sexual Contact or Attempt to Commit Abusive Sexual Contact §2A3.5 Failure to Register as a Sex Offender §2A3.6 Aggravated Offenses Relating to Registration as a Sex Offender §2A4.1 Kidnapping, Abduction, Unlawful Restraint §2A4.2 Demanding or Receiving Ransom Money §2A5.1 Aircraft Piracy or Attempted Aircraft Piracy §2A5.2 Interference with Flight Crew Member or Flight Attendant; Interference with Dispatch, Navigation, Operation, or Maintenance of Mass Transportation Vehicle; Unsafe Operation of Unmanned Aircraft §2A5.3 Committing Certain Crimes Aboard Aircraft §2A6.1 Threatening or Harassing Communications; Hoaxes; False Liens §2A6.2 Stalking or Domestic Violence

Part B · Basic Economic Offenses

§2B1.1 Larceny, Embezzlement, and Other Forms of Theft; Offenses Involving Stolen Property; Property Damage or Destruction; Fraud and Deceit; Forgery; Offenses Involving Altered or Counterfeit Instruments Other than Counterfeit Bearer Obligations of the United States §2B1.2–2B1.3 [Deleted] §2B1.4 Insider Trading §2B1.5 Theft of, Damage to, or Destruction of, Cultural Heritage Resources or Paleontological Resources; Unlawful Sale, Purchase, Exchange, Transportation, or Receipt of Cultural Heritage Resources or Paleontological Resources §2B1.6 Aggravated Identity Theft §2B2.1 Burglary of a Residence or a Structure Other than a Residence §2B2.2 [Deleted] §2B2.3 Trespass §2B3.1 Robbery §2B3.2 Extortion by Force or Threat of Injury or Serious Damage §2B3.3 Blackmail and Similar Forms of Extortion §2B4.1 Bribery in Procurement of Bank Loan and Other Commercial Bribery §2B5.1 Offenses Involving Counterfeit Bearer Obligations of the United States §2B5.2 [Deleted] §2B5.3 Criminal Infringement of Copyright or Trademark §2B5.4 [Deleted] §2B6.1 Altering or Removing Motor Vehicle Identification Numbers, or Trafficking in Motor Vehicles or Parts with Altered or Obliterated Identification Numbers

Part C · Offenses Involving Public Officials and Violations of Federal Election Campaign Laws

§2C1.1 Offering, Giving, Soliciting, or Receiving a Bribe; Extortion Under Color of Official Right; Fraud Involving the Deprivation of the Intangible Right to Honest Services of Public Officials; Conspiracy to Defraud by Interference with Governmental Functions §2C1.2 Offering, Giving, Soliciting, or Receiving a Gratuity §2C1.3 Conflict of Interest; Payment or Receipt of Unauthorized Compensation §2C1.4 [Deleted] §2C1.5 Payments to Obtain Public Office §2C1.6–2C1.7 [Deleted] §2C1.8 Making, Receiving, or Failing to Report a Contribution, Donation, or Expenditure in Violation of the Federal Election Campaign Act; Fraudulently Misrepresenting Campaign Authority; Soliciting or Receiving a Donation in Connection with an Election While on Certain Federal Property

Part D · Offenses Involving Drugs and Narco-Terrorism

§2D1.1 Unlawful Manufacturing, Importing, Exporting, or Trafficking (Including Possession with Intent to Commit These Offenses); Attempt or Conspiracy §2D1.2 Drug Offenses Occurring Near Protected Locations or Involving Underage or Pregnant Individuals; Attempt or Conspiracy §2D1.3–2D1.4 [Deleted] §2D1.5 Continuing Criminal Enterprise; Attempt or Conspiracy §2D1.6 Use of Communication Facility in Committing Drug Offense; Attempt or Conspiracy §2D1.7 Unlawful Sale or Transportation of Drug Paraphernalia; Attempt or Conspiracy §2D1.8 Renting or Managing a Drug Establishment; Attempt or Conspiracy §2D1.9 Placing or Maintaining Dangerous Devices on Federal Property to Protect the Unlawful Production of Controlled Substances; Attempt or Conspiracy §2D1.10 Endangering Human Life While Illegally Manufacturing a Controlled Substance; Attempt or Conspiracy §2D1.11 Unlawfully Distributing, Importing, Exporting or Possessing a Listed Chemical; Attempt or Conspiracy §2D1.12 Unlawful Possession, Manufacture, Distribution, Transportation, Exportation, or Importation of Prohibited Flask, Equipment, Chemical, Product, or Material; Attempt or Conspiracy §2D1.13 Structuring Chemical Transactions or Creating a Chemical Mixture to Evade Reporting or Recordkeeping Requirements; Presenting False or Fraudulent Identification to Obtain a Listed Chemical; Attempt or Conspiracy §2D1.14 Narco-Terrorism §2D2.1 Unlawful Possession; Attempt or Conspiracy §2D2.2 Acquiring a Controlled Substance by Forgery, Fraud, Deception, or Subterfuge; Attempt or Conspiracy §2D2.3 Operating or Directing the Operation of a Common Carrier Under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs §2D3.1 Regulatory Offenses Involving Registration Numbers; Unlawful Advertising Relating to Scheduled Substances; Attempt or Conspiracy §2D3.2 Regulatory Offenses Involving Controlled Substances or Listed Chemicals; Attempt or Conspiracy §2D3.3–2D3.5 [Deleted]

Part E · Offenses Involving Criminal Enterprises and Racketeering

§2E1.1 Unlawful Conduct Relating to Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations §2E1.2 Interstate or Foreign Travel or Transportation in Aid of a Racketeering Enterprise §2E1.3 Violent Crimes in Aid of Racketeering Activity §2E1.4 Use of Interstate Commerce Facilities in the Commission of Murder-For-Hire §2E1.5 [Deleted] §2E2.1 Making or Financing an Extortionate Extension of Credit; Collecting an Extension of Credit by Extortionate Means §2E3.1 Gambling Offenses; Animal Fighting Offenses §2E3.2–2E3.3 [Deleted] §2E4.1 Unlawful Conduct Relating to Contraband Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco §2E5.1 Offering, Accepting, or Soliciting a Bribe or Gratuity Affecting the Operation of an Employee Welfare or Pension Benefit Plan; Prohibited Payments or Lending of Money by Employer or Agent to Employees, Representatives, or Labor Organizations §2E5.2 [Deleted] §2E5.3 False Statements and Concealment of Facts in Relation to Documents Required by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act; Failure to Maintain and Falsification of Records Required by the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act; Destruction and Failure to Maintain Corporate Audit Records §2E5.4–2E5.6 [Deleted]

Part F · [Deleted]

§2F1.1–2F1.2 [Deleted]

Part G · Offenses Involving Commercial Sex Acts, Sexual Exploitation of Minors, and Obscenity

§2G1.1 Promoting a Commercial Sex Act or Prohibited Sexual Conduct with an Individual Other than a Minor §2G1.2 [Deleted] §2G1.3 Promoting a Commercial Sex Act or Prohibited Sexual Conduct with a Minor; Transportation of Minors to Engage in a Commercial Sex Act or Prohibited Sexual Conduct; Travel to Engage in Commercial Sex Act or Prohibited Sexual Conduct with a Minor; Sex Trafficking of Children; Use of Interstate Facilities to Transport Information about a Minor §2G2.1 Sexually Exploiting a Minor by Production of Sexually Explicit Visual or Printed Material; Custodian Permitting Minor to Engage in Sexually Explicit Conduct; Advertisement for Minors to Engage in Production §2G2.2 Trafficking in Material Involving the Sexual Exploitation of a Minor; Receiving, Transporting, Shipping, Soliciting, or Advertising Material Involving the Sexual Exploitation of a Minor; Possessing Material Involving the Sexual Exploitation of a Minor with Intent to Traffic; Possessing Material Involving the Sexual Exploitation of a Minor §2G2.3 Selling or Buying of Children for Use in the Production of Pornography §2G2.4 [Deleted] §2G2.5 Recordkeeping Offenses Involving the Production of Sexually Explicit Materials; Failure to Provide Required Marks in Commercial Electronic Email §2G2.6 Child Exploitation Enterprises §2G3.1 Importing, Mailing, or Transporting Obscene Matter; Transferring Obscene Matter to a Minor; Misleading Domain Names §2G3.2 Obscene Telephone Communications for a Commercial Purpose; Broadcasting Obscene Material

Part H · Offenses Involving Individual Rights

§2H1.1 Offenses Involving Individual Rights §2H1.2–2H1.5 [Deleted] §2H2.1 Obstructing an Election or Registration §2H3.1 Interception of Communications; Eavesdropping; Disclosure of Certain Private or Protected Information §2H3.2 Manufacturing, Distributing, Advertising, or Possessing an Eavesdropping Device §2H3.3 Obstructing Correspondence §2H4.1 Peonage, Involuntary Servitude, Slave Trade, and Child Soldiers §2H4.2 Willful Violations of the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act

Part I · [Not Used]

Part J · Offenses Involving the Administration of Justice

§2J1.1 Contempt §2J1.2 Obstruction of Justice §2J1.3 Perjury or Subornation of Perjury; Bribery of Witness §2J1.4 Impersonation §2J1.5 Failure to Appear by Material Witness §2J1.6 Failure to Appear by Defendant §2J1.7–2J1.8 [Deleted] §2J1.9 Payment to Witness

Part K · Offenses Involving Public Safety

§2K1.1 Failure to Report Theft of Explosive Materials; Improper Storage of Explosive Materials §2K1.2 [Deleted] §2K1.3 Unlawful Receipt, Possession, or Transportation of Explosive Materials; Prohibited Transactions Involving Explosive Materials §2K1.4 Arson; Property Damage by Use of Explosives §2K1.5 Possessing Dangerous Weapons or Materials While Boarding or Aboard an Aircraft §2K1.6 Licensee Recordkeeping Violations Involving Explosive Materials §2K1.7 [Deleted] §2K2.1 Unlawful Receipt, Possession, or Transportation of Firearms or Ammunition; Prohibited Transactions Involving Firearms or Ammunition §2K2.2–2K2.3 [Deleted] §2K2.4 Use of Firearm, Armor-Piercing Ammunition, or Explosive During or in Relation to Certain Crimes §2K2.5 Possession of Firearm or Dangerous Weapon in Federal Facility; Possession or Discharge of Firearm in School Zone §2K2.6 Possessing, Purchasing, or Owning Body Armor by Violent Felons §2K3.1 [Deleted] §2K3.2 Feloniously Mailing Injurious Articles

Part L · Offenses Involving Immigration, Naturalization, and Passports

§2L1.1 Smuggling, Transporting, or Harboring an Unlawful Alien §2L1.2 Unlawfully Entering or Remaining in the United States §2L1.3 [Deleted] §2L2.1 Trafficking in a Document Relating to Naturalization, Citizenship, or Legal Resident Status, or a United States Passport; False Statement in Respect to the Citizenship or Immigration Status of Another; Fraudulent Marriage to Assist Alien to Evade Immigration Law §2L2.2 Fraudulently Acquiring Documents Relating to Naturalization, Citizenship, or Legal Resident Status for Own Use; False Personation or Fraudulent Marriage by Alien to Evade Immigration Law; Fraudulently Acquiring or Improperly Using a United States Passport §2L2.3–2L2.4 [Deleted] §2L2.5 Failure to Surrender Canceled Naturalization Certificate

Part M · Offenses Involving National Defense and Weapons of Mass Destruction

§2M1.1 Treason §2M2.1 Destruction of, or Production of Defective, War Material, Premises, or Utilities §2M2.2 [Deleted] §2M2.3 Destruction of, or Production of Defective, National Defense Material, Premises, or Utilities §2M2.4 [Deleted] §2M3.1 Gathering or Transmitting National Defense Information to Aid a Foreign Government §2M3.2 Gathering National Defense Information §2M3.3 Transmitting National Defense Information; Disclosure of Classified Cryptographic Information; Unauthorized Disclosure to a Foreign Government or a Communist Organization of Classified Information by Government Employee; Unauthorized Receipt of Classified Information §2M3.4 Losing National Defense Information §2M3.5 Tampering with Restricted Data Concerning Atomic Energy §2M3.6–2M3.8 [Deleted] §2M3.9 Disclosure of Information Identifying a Covert Agent §2M4.1 Failure to Register and Evasion of Military Service §2M5.1 Evasion of Export Controls; Financial Transactions with Countries Supporting International Terrorism §2M5.2 Exportation of Arms, Munitions, or Military Equipment or Services Without Required Validated Export License §2M5.3 Providing Material Support or Resources to Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations or Specially Designated Global Terrorists, or For a Terrorist Purpose §2M6.1 Unlawful Activity Involving Nuclear Material, Weapons, or Facilities, Biological Agents, Toxins, or Delivery Systems, Chemical Weapons, or Other Weapons of Mass Destruction; Attempt or Conspiracy §2M6.2 Violation of Other Federal Atomic Energy Agency Statutes, Rules, and Regulations

Part N · Offenses Involving Food, Drugs, Agricultural Products, Consumer Products, and Odometer Laws

§2N1.1 Tampering or Attempting to Tamper Involving Risk of Death or Bodily Injury §2N1.2 Providing False Information or Threatening to Tamper with Consumer Products §2N1.3 Tampering With Intent to Injure Business §2N2.1 Violations of Statutes and Regulations Dealing With Any Food, Drug, Biological Product, Device, Cosmetic, Agricultural Product, or Consumer Product §2N3.1 Odometer Laws and Regulations

Part O · [Not Used]

Part P · Offenses Involving Prisons and Correctional Facilities

§2P1.1 Escape, Instigating or Assisting Escape §2P1.2 Providing or Possessing Contraband in Prison §2P1.3 Engaging In, Inciting or Attempting to Incite a Riot Involving Persons in a Facility for Official Detention §2P1.4 [Deleted]

Part Q · Offenses Involving the Environment

§2Q1.1 Knowing Endangerment Resulting From Mishandling Hazardous or Toxic Substances, Pesticides or Other Pollutants §2Q1.2 Mishandling of Hazardous or Toxic Substances or Pesticides; Recordkeeping, Tampering, and Falsification; Unlawfully Transporting Hazardous Materials in Commerce §2Q1.3 Mishandling of Other Environmental Pollutants; Recordkeeping, Tampering, and Falsification §2Q1.4 Tampering or Attempted Tampering with a Public Water System; Threatening to Tamper with a Public Water System §2Q1.5 [Deleted] §2Q1.6 Hazardous or Injurious Devices on Federal Lands §2Q2.1 Offenses Involving Fish, Wildlife, and Plants §2Q2.2 [Deleted]

Part R · Antitrust Offenses

§2R1.1 Bid-Rigging, Price-Fixing or Market-Allocation Agreements Among Competitors

Part S · Money Laundering and Monetary Transaction Reporting

§2S1.1 Laundering of Monetary Instruments; Engaging in Monetary Transactions in Property Derived from Unlawful Activity §2S1.2 [Deleted] §2S1.3 Structuring Transactions to Evade Reporting Requirements; Failure to Report Cash or Monetary Transactions; Failure to File Currency and Monetary Instrument Report; Knowingly Filing False Reports; Bulk Cash Smuggling; Establishing or Maintaining Prohibited Accounts §2S1.4 [Deleted]

Part T · Offenses Involving Taxation

§2T1.1 Tax Evasion; Willful Failure to File Return, Supply Information, or Pay Tax; Fraudulent or False Returns, Statements, or Other Documents §2T1.2–2T1.3 [Deleted] §2T1.4 Aiding, Assisting, Procuring, Counseling, or Advising Tax Fraud §2T1.5 [Deleted] §2T1.6 Failing to Collect or Truthfully Account for and Pay Over Tax §2T1.7 Failing to Deposit Collected Taxes in Trust Account as Required After Notice §2T1.8 Offenses Relating to Withholding Statements §2T1.9 Conspiracy to Impede, Impair, Obstruct, or Defeat Tax §2T2.1 Non-Payment of Taxes §2T2.2 Regulatory Offenses §2T3.1 Evading Import Duties or Restrictions (Smuggling); Receiving or Trafficking in Smuggled Property §2T3.2 [Deleted] §2T4.1 Tax Table

Part U · [Not Used]

Part V · [Not Used]

Part W · [Not Used]

Part X · Other Offenses

§2X1.1 Attempt, Solicitation, or Conspiracy (Not Covered by a Specific Offense Guideline) §2X2.1 Aiding and Abetting §2X3.1 Accessory After the Fact §2X4.1 Misprision of Felony §2X5.1 Other Felony Offenses §2X5.2 Class A Misdemeanors (Not Covered by Another Specific Offense Guideline) §2X6.1 Use of a Minor in a Crime of Violence §2X7.1 Border Tunnels and Subterranean Passages §2X7.2 Submersible and Semi-Submersible Vessels

Part Y · [Not Used]

Part Z · [Not Used]

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